Yellow fever is endemic in rural areas of West Africa & South America and has never been reported in India. Except for the causative organism, all other factors responsible for transmission do exist in India. Case fatality rate is very high and there is no cure for Yellow Fever. Prevention through vaccination is the only available option to decrease morbidity & mortality. As per guidelines established by MoHFW, vaccination is mandatory for all travellers moving to or coming from YF endemic countries. Due to increase in international travel, a larger number of people from various parts of India require Yellow Fever vaccination and the demand will continue to increase in future. In India, there are only 27 locations in 10 states and 2 UTs which have the facility to vaccinate for Yellow Fever. People of many states have to cover a large distance for the vaccination. There is an urgent need to increase the number of sites. With the operationalization of various institutes under MoH&FW, there is an opportunity to create the network, closer to the potential travellers.

The last decade has witnessed momentous changes in the Neonatal health scenario in India. Newborn Health care has received unprecedented attention and resources. It is the current focus of Central and state governments and the various funding agencies. And, like never before, there is an opportunity for the champions of newborn health to take their agenda forward . India contributes to one-fifth of global live births and more than a quarter of neonatal deaths. About two-thirds of infant deaths and half of under-five child deaths are during the neonatal period. The neonatal mortality rate has reduced over the years but the decline is at a much slower pace as compared to deaths in the older infant groups. Among neonatal deaths, the rate of decline in early NMR is much lower than that of late NMR. The Millennium Development Goal-4 (MDG-4), which stipulates a two-thirds reduction in under-five deaths by 2015, obviously cannot be achieved without ensuring a substantial reduction in the neonatal mortality rate (NMR). This article reviews the current status of Neonatal Care in India.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent the biggest threat to women's health worldwide. Deaths of women from NCDs during their most productive years (40-60 years) can result in tragedy for families and catastrophic expenditure. Therefore, this present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of selected NCDs & risk factors in post-menopausal women residing in different slums of Bhubaneswar city and to assess their current health status after attaining menopause. Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted among 240 postmenopausal women residing in slums of Bhubaneswar city, Odisha. For assessment of risk factors for NCDs, B.M.I estimation was done; blood pressure was measured according to standard guidelines and depression and anxiety was measured by clinical psychologist using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was administered to assess various post-menopausal related symptoms. Results: Overall, 70.5% of women were overweight, 17.8% of subjects were hypertensive and pre-hypertensive (57.2%). Prevalence of depression and anxiety was found to be 22% and 27.9%. Addiction to beetle chewing was found among 40% of subjects. The most common complaints of postmenopausal women were irritability (84.1%), muscle or joint pain (74.1%), palpitation (65.4%) hot flushes (60%) and night sweats (54.1%). Conclusion: This study reveals that NCDs and their risk factors are common among post-menopausal women and there is a need for timely screening and treatment for those conditions.

Introduction: Following the report of clustering of jaundice cases from Kolvan village in Pune district, Maharashtra on 16th June, 2013, we investigated the outbreak with objectives to confirm the diagnosis, to describe it and to make recommendations for the control of outbreak. Methods: We defined a suspected case of acute hepatitis as an individual presenting with acute onset of yellow eyes or dark urine with or without fever and other constitutional symptoms in a resident of Kolvan village from 28 May 2013 onwards. Following house to house survey, we prepared a line list of suspected cases. We prepared epi-curve and spot maps of cases and determined the attack rates. We tested blood and water samples and conducted environmental survey. Results: Overall attack rate was 3.3% (n=37); highest in Gavthan area of Kolvan village (14.5%) and in the age group of41-60 years (4.9%). It was more in males (4.3%) than females (2.3%). Hepatitis E IgM antibody was found in 16/ 20 (80%) case patients. Water samples from river, common water source (well) and water storage tanks confirmed presence of coliform bacteria suggesting contamination of drinking water source with faecal matter through newly constructed trench between a well and the river. Conclusions: The continuing common source outbreak occurred possibly due to drinking of faecally contaminated water from the trench. We recommended closure of the trench, temporary alternate water supply arrangement and regular chlorination of drinking water source.We focused on community education regarding safe drinking water and improving sanitation in the village.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in pregnancy has become the most common medical complication of pregnancy in some countries. Reports have shown that HIV infection during pregnancy can have adverse effects on both the mother and the infant. As of 2007, 90% of HIV infected children got the virus through MTCT. Hence, this study was planned to assess the outcome of pregnancy among HIV infected women. Methodology: A case series study was carried out on all HIV positive pregnant women on ART who delivered in KIMS hospital, Hubli during the six months of study period. Results: Of the total 25 HIV positive women, 16 (64%)were primi-gravida and 6 (24%) had obstetric history of G2P1L1A0. Seventeen (68%) women had full time normal vaginal delivery, 3 (12%) had a preterm and 3 (12%) delivered by emergency LSCS. Pregnancy outcome showed that 19 (76%) delivered a full term baby, 3 (12%) preterm baby, 1 (4%) had a stillbirth, 1 (4%) encountered intra uterine death of foetus and 1 (4%) underwent medical termination of pregnancy. Conclusion: Majority of HIV infected pregnant women delivered full term normal vaginal delivery of near normal birth weight without any birth defects. It indicates that antiretroviral therapy of pregnant HIV infected women is beneficial and should be emphasized.

Leptospirosis is an emerging public health problem in India which affects both human and animals. A 62 years old male, resident of rural area presented in out patient department of a private super specialty hospital with complaints of fever with chills, pain in abdomen and difficulty in breathing. His initial investigation showed plasmodium vivax positive, acute cholecystitis, elevated liver enzyme and thrombocytopenia. He was unresponsive for intravenous antibiotics. Next day he developed per rectal bleeding. After negative finding of dengue testing, diagnostic test for leptospirosis was applied, which was positive. This case of leptospirosis should serve to alert health-care providers and the general public regarding the clinical and public health importance of this severe, sometimes fatal, disease.

Background: Depression is the most common pervasive disorder and leading cause of disability and suicide worldwide. Medical curriculum could be demanding and stressful. There is limited data on stress and depression among medical students. This study was designed to find out the current status of depression among medical students and understand associated factors to help in taking early preventive and corrective measures. Methodology: This study was conducted over a period of 6 months among medical students at Goa Medical College who were selected using stratified random sampling. Data was collected using a structured performa and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) which measures depression and anxiety. Open ended questions were also asked. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 193 students participated in the study of whom 36% (71) were males and 64% (122) females. Thirty two students (16.5%) were found to be depressed. The mean GHQ total score was found to be 2.2 (95% CI, 1.8, 2.5). Females and interns were found to have higher GHQ scores. The students most commonly complained of being constantly under strain (37 %), inability to concentrate (30%) and lack of sleep (28%). Conclusion: Depression was quite common among medical students particularly females and interns which is comparable to western literature. There is a need for early detection and management in order to prevent co morbidities and reduce the risk of suicide.