Febrile seizure is the most common seizures seen in infancy and pre-school era. They are mostly benign in nature. There are two categories of febrile seizures, simple and complex. Both the International League against Epilepsy and the American academy of paediatrics have published definitions on the classification of febrile seizures. Simple febrile seizures are mostly benign, but a prolonged (complex) febrile seizure can have long term consequences. Most children who have a febrile seizure have normal health and development after the event, but recent evidence suggests a small subset of children presenting with seizures and fever may have recurrent seizure or develop epilepsy. Diagnosis is solely clinical. But other causes of fever and seizure must be ruled out. Electroencephalogram, lumbar puncture and neuroimaging, all are to be used for specific indications but not routinely. Treatment consists of acute management and prophylaxis for further attack. This review will give an overview of the definition of febrile seizures, epidemiology, evaluation, treatment, outcomes and recent research.

Introduction: Universal Health coverage (UHC) is required for fulfilment of Health for All. Currently World Health Organization has proposed indicators for tracing coverage of UHC. This study aimed to find the current status of the UHC in India and Indian States. Material and Methods: Data were collected from the national data portals, national surveys and annual reports of ministry. In case of non-availability, numerator and denominator were used from different sources. Data were entered in to Microsoft excel and analysed using Stata-12. Results: Coverage indicators for Non Communicable diseases and cataract surgery were not available in any national survey or national report of ministry. Coverage of none of the health system indicators were found to be 100%. Few indicators like Skilled attendance at birth, TB cure rate, Preventive chemotherapy against filariasis, access to improved water source had a coverage of 80%. Across the states and union territories the coverage was variable but no significant difference was observed between the EAG and Non EAG states. Very few states have achieved the minimum coverage of 80% in various coverage indicators. Conclusion: There is non-availability of some data and some data were collected in duplication. Because of the lack of data, it is not yet possible to compare the UHC service coverage index across key dimensions of inequality. Until these data gaps are overcome, inequalities in service coverage cannot be assessed.

Introduction: Burden of diabetes mellitus in India is on rise. Adherence to treatment is essential to diabetes control and prevention of complications. Objectives: To study the adherence to treatment of diabetes mellitus and its determinants among rural population Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural community of north India. From a list of all self-reported diabetics (aged ≥18 years), 400 were randomly selected. Information about drug prescription and intake, socio-demographic factors, health seeking behaviors and disease status were obtained from the participants. Height, weight and blood pressure were recorded. Blood samples were collected to measure HbAlc levels Results: Out of 371 self-reported diabetic patients, 113 (30.4%) did not take any medication since last one month of the interview. Amongst 258 patients, who were taking treatment, 146 (39.4, 95%CI: 34.5-44.4) were found to have 100% drug adherence rate. Tobacco (p=0.03) and alcohol (p=0.04) use were significantly associated with drug adherence on bi variate analysis. Drug adherence rate was higher in group with HbA1c level more than 6.4gm%. Conclusion: A high proportion of diabetic patients were not adhering to the treatment prescribed to them by their consulting doctors. There is urgent need for awareness generation about diabetes treatment adherence and developing adherence monitoring mechanisms at community level.

Introduction: Blindness is one of the major public health problems in India. Visual rehabilitation by corneal transplantation remains a major treatment option in those who are already blind due to corneal diseases. To combat with shortage of corneal donation in India, spreading awareness among masses regarding eye donation becomes important. Objectives: (1) To determine the awareness regarding eye donation amongst adults (>20 years) in an urban re-settlement colony of Delhi. (2) To assess their willingness to pledge for eye donation. (3) To determine the factors influencing their decision for eye donation. Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional study, conducted in the urban health centre attached to a medical college of Delhi between October to December 2013. Systematic random sampling was used and every alternate adult patient >20 yrs attending the UHC was recruited. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS by a single investigator. Results: Majority (84.4%) had heard of eye donation. Only 21.2% were aware about contraindications for donating eyes. A little over quarter (27.6%) had heard of eye bank facility. When asked whether the retrieved eye can be stored before transplantation, majority (59.2%) didn’t know. More than half (54%) didn’t know which part of eye is removed. Mass media was major source of information in three forth respondents (74.9%). 45.5% were willing to pledge their eyes, a similar proportion was not willing (44.1%), five (2.4%) had already pledged and 17 (8.1%) were yet undecided to pledge. Conclusion: While majority of participants had heard of eye donation, but their knowledge regarding certain aspects of eye donation was found to be poor.

Introduction: Mobile phone is a ubiquitous device used in health care settings as well. Its frequent handling, closeness to the body and heat generated during functioning provides a favourable environment for microbial contamination and growth; as well as opportunities for their transfer from one person to another through health care provider. Objective: To investigate whether health care workers mobile phones carry microbes and to identify areas or health personals where this was more common. Material and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at a medical college and its associated hospital in a northern hilly state of India to determine the prevalence of microbial contamination of mobile phones used by health care providers. Doctors, Nurses, Laboratory Technicians and Medical Interns were contacted at their place of work to collect swab samples from their mobile phones. Sample collection sites included out-patient clinics as well as in-patient wards, emergency department and intensive care unit. All health care providers available at the time of visit to these departments were included in the study. Swab samples collected were immediately transferred to microbiology department where overnight incubation in peptone water at 37°C followed by culture and appropriate testing to identify organisms was done. Result: A total of 100 swab samples were collected, 28 from doctors, 20 from nurses, 25 from technicians and 27 from medical interns. All of them except one showed growth. Single growth were 56 while 43 cultures had multiple growths. Organism of medical importance isolated included Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS), Methicillin Resistant CoNS, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella, S. aureus, E.coli among others. Conclusion: Almost all mobile phones were contaminated, more than half of whom were harbouring pathogenic micro-organisms. It could be a major threat to the health care providers as well as patients in form of nosocomial infections.

Introduction: For each maternal mortality, there are number of various morbidities, which directly or indirectly affects health of women. For every woman who dies of pregnancy-related causes, an estimated 20 women experience acute or chronic morbidity, often with tragic consequences. Objectives: To assess maternal morbidity pattern, prevalence of maternal morbidity & its associated factors. Material and Methods: A community based cross- sectional study was conducted among 450 women of reproductive age group women of Jamnagar district. Study subjects were selected by multistage sampling. Data collected in proforma consist of sociodemographic profile, past obstetric profile & any antenatal, Intranatal, & postnatal morbidities. Results: Prevalence of maternal morbidity was about 80% with, highest morbidity found during antenatal period in 36% subjects, followed by 26% in postnatal period. There were also associated medical problems during pregnancy. Conclusion: There is 80% prevalence of morbidity related to pregnancy which adds on to ill health of women. It was also observed that statistical significance between few of the important variables like educational status, parity & place of delivery, which could be independent risk factors & occurrence of maternal morbidity.

Introduction: Aging, an integral part of living, typically is accompanied by gradual but progressive physiological changes and an increased prevalence of acute and chronic illness and is further compounded by impairment of special sensory functions like vision and hearing and difficulties in performing their routine daily activities seriously affecting the economic, social and psychological aspect of life of older people with disabilities. Objective: To estimate the magnitude of functional disability and its association with various socio-demographic variables among the elderly persons in Palam village of Delhi. Material and Methods: People aged more than 60 years of both sexes and willing to participate were included in this community based cross-sectional study. Barthel ADL index was used for assessment of activities of daily living disability, Snellen's distance vision chart for visual acuity assessment and whisper test was used for hearing assessment. The participants were categorized as functionally disabled if either ADL disability or better eye presenting vision <6/60 or bilateral hearing impairment or a combination of either these were present. Results: The prevalence of functional disability was found to be 23.1% in the study population and was more unmarried/widow/widower group, among illiterates, lower socio-economic class and financially dependent group. Conclusion: Research and studies on elderly in India especially in field of functional disability are less and community dwelling elderly has been neglected at large. Hence it would be useful to estimate the burden of functional disabilities among elderly so that adequate and timely preventive and rehabilitative measures can be taken.

Background: Despite various reforms brought in health care service delivery there is always a gap between community and health care providers. Hence there is a need to explore the successful strategies to reorient the medical students towards public health relevant community needs. Objective: This study aimed to assess the feasibility and impact of community based field training imparted among medical undergraduates to identify problems related to infant and young child feeding practices and design appropriate interventions. Material and Methods: This study is a mixed method study where improvement of knowledge were assessed quantitatively through quasi experimental pre-post study design. Difference in cumulative score obtained after training was compared using student's t test. Perception of students and mentor's views on this approach in terms of benefits and challenges were explored during in-depth interviews. Transcripts of qualitative interviews were analysed using manual content analysis. Results: Total of 781 infant and young children from 30 villages were surveyed by 36 medical undergraduates. There was significant improvement in knowledge on feeding practices from the baseline [baseline mean (SD) score: 3.3 (1.5); post training mean (SD) score: 6.5 (1.1), p<0.001]. Mentors of the opinion that this community based approach had facilitated the students to acquire skills on management, communication, team spirit and professional attitude. Students had opportunity to assess spectrum of illness and the co-existing social conditions in their natural setting. Conclusion: Students as well as other stakeholders were more positive and overwhelmingly supporting this approach. This approach is feasible with better planning, institute cooperation and commitment.

Introduction: Universal health coverage (UHC) means all people receiving the health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective while at the same time ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship. So, we did this study to assess the extent of UHC in relation to antenatal care services in Palam area of Delhi. Objectives: 1) To study the extent of coverage of antenatal services in Palam area of Delhi. 2) To assess the correlates of coverage of antenatal services among mothers. Material and methods: study type- a community based descriptive study was conducted between September 2015 to March 2017, among 250 mothers who delivered during the year 2015. A pretested, self-designed, semi-structured interview schedule and health records was used to collect information. Data was analysed using software – statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: Out of 250 study participants, complete coverage of antenatal care services was seen in only 28.8% women. Literacy and presence of complication in previous pregnancy found to have statistically significant correlation with the extent of coverage of antenatal services. Conclusion: Women need to be educated about their health needs and services available to them, in order to increase the demand of maternal health services and improve utilization of available services.

Health communication forms an important link in a doctor patient relationship. Public health awareness lectures are organised across the world to disseminate key messages related to health and to improve the doctor patient interaction. With a plethora of information in this age of social media, which are many a time incomplete and erroneous, it is all the more important that people get the right information based on scientific evidence. In this article we intend to describe our experience of public awareness lectures held at AIIMS Bhubaneswar over the last one year.

Introduction: The increased risk of the transmission of HIV is known to be associated with the presence of STIs and despite the presence of the National STI Control Program in India the number of people with STIs remains high. More than 1 million people acquire a STI every day. The true prevalence of STIs can never be known because of inadequate reporting due to secrecy and stigma associated with them and most of them are not even notifiable. Objectives: (1) To study socio-demographic factors of patient's attending STI clinic (2) To assess knowledge of patients about STI/HIV. (3) To assess protective practices of patients towards STIs. Material and Methods: This cross sectional was conducted in STI clinic, PBM hospital, Bikaner from Dec 2014- Jan 2016 using pre-tested and pre-structured questionnaire. The study variables were analyzed using Epi-Info7 software with application of Mean, Proportion and OR, Chi-square. Results: Out of 97 patients 83.5% knew about STIs. 79.4% reported having knowledge about symptoms of STIs and most common symptom reported was itching over genitals and discharge (85.5%). Statistically significant difference was present between male and female patient's knowledge about premarital sex as a factor for acquisition of STIs. 79.3% were using condoms to protect from STIs. The difference was statistically significant between knowledge and practice regarding condom use (χ² = 6.544, df=1, p=0.01). Statistically significant difference was present between male and female patients practice regarding regular visit to STI clinic. Conclusion: Knowledge of patients regarding protective practices is not matching with their protective behavior.

Anaemia is major health problem in our country and the foremost cause of disability. The non-specific clinical signs together with lack of knowledge among people are a hindrance for people seeking early care for this disease. Palmar pallor in children for diagnosing anaemia is anaemia has shown to have low sensitivity. Laboratory estimation of haemoglobin levels still are the diagnostic modality of choice in most primary care settings. There are numerous methods based on different principles to estimate haemoglobin. Each method has its own merit and demerit and has to be used appropriately based on that. Some methods like Hemoglobin colour scale have shown have good result to replace Sahli's method but more validation is required. HemoCue also can be used for secondary and tertiary care health institution. A strong political commitment and dedication is required for overcoming operational issues in early diagnosis of anaemia.

Introduction: India is burdened with 25% of cardiovascular disease-related deaths. CHD manifests almost 10 years earlier on an average in Indian subcontinent. Objectives: to study the early onset atherosclerosis in young, asymptomatic individuals using physiological parameters. Material & Method: 31 young, asymptomatic males of age group of 21- 40 yr participated in this cross-sectional, observational study. The basic characteristics and anthropometric measurements of the subjects were obtained. Baseline blood pressure was recorded and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP) were calculated. The arterial stiffness was assessed by recording central systolic blood pressure (central SBP), central diastolic blood pressure (central DBP) and augmentation index by arteriography. Ankle-brachial index was also measured. The data were presented as median (range). Results: 31 male subjects of 21-40 years of age participated in the study. Participants were grouped into lower age group [group A (21-30 yr), n=14] and higher age group [group B (31-40 yr), n=17]. More subjects (71.14%) of group B were in overweight-pre-obese-obese group than in group A (64.69%). Considering waist-hip ratio (WHR), more subjects of group A (94.11%) had low estimated health risk than group B (85.71%). Interestingly, SBP of 11.8% and DBP of 5.9% subjects of group A were higher, but none had higher SBP and DBP in group B as per JNC 8 criteria. The lower limit of central SBP and DBP were slightly more in group B than group A. Augmentation index value was within normal range in both groups. Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) of 14.3% of subjects of group B was indicative of mild to moderate degree of peripheral vascular disease. Conclusion: The important findings in this study have significance in practice as atherosclerosis eventually leads to serious consequences such as an MI or Stroke.